The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023

§112 — Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

When the question is whether persons are partners, landlord and tenant, or principal and agent, and it has been shown that they have been acting as such, the burden of proving that they do not stand, or have ceased to stand, to each other in those relationships respectively, is on the person who affirms it.

Old law ⇄ new law

Renumberedold law ⇄ new law

Old lawIEA §109Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent New lawBSA §112Burden of proof as to relationship in the cases of partners, landlord and tenant, principal and agent

IEA §109 → BSA §112 per the official NCRB Sankalan table.

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Source & version

Official text: Gazette of India via MHA (official) ↗

Official Gazette text: The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (47 of 2023), English PDF as hosted by Ministry of Home Affairs (mha.gov.in, file 250882_english_01042024_0.pdf). Extracted via pdftotext 26.07 -bbox and @nexlex/ingest gazette-bbox parser on 2026-07-14. Automated parse; structural validation + spot verification; full clause-level proofread pending.

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